 
  Polish scientists have co-authored one of the most advanced forensic tools capable of estimating a person’s age to within a few years from a DNA sample. The models are now being tested in laboratories worldwide.
 
  Fish began to dominate the world’s oceans in the Early Cretaceous, replacing cephalopods that had ruled the Jurassic seas, according to new research by palaeontologists from the Polish Academy of Sciences and their collaborators.
 
  Scientists in Kraków have identified when a key chemical modification is added to transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules during their maturation process.
 
  A 180-million-year-old ichthyosaur specimen, long thought to be a plaster cast, has been confirmed as a genuine fossil by palaeontologists from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.
 
  An international team of scientists, including several Polish researchers, has developed a breakthrough method for studying chemical reactions that could transform laboratory research worldwide.
 
  Residues of medicines used in households, hospitals, and veterinary care are entering Poland’s waterways, and conventional treatment plants are unable to remove them effectively, according to a new study.
 
  Polish and Scandinavian scientists have uncovered how microorganisms living in and on insects play key roles in their survival, immunity, and reproduction — findings that may reshape understanding of biodiversity and species adaptation.
 
  Reports from residents about sightings of wolves and bears are helping scientists understand why these large carnivores enter developed areas — and how to prevent such encounters.
 
  Scientists from the University of Silesia have described two Anolis sagrei lizard embryos showing a rare combination of developmental defects that have not been previously documented in reptiles.