Depression is one of the most common mental health conditions worldwide, affecting more than 280 million people. Despite advances in depression treatment, its overall effectiveness and durability remain limited. Some researchers have argued that one contributing factor is the emphasis on reducing symptoms, with less attention paid to positive functioning and well-being. Experts have therefore increasingly advocated a more comprehensive approach to treating depression.

In this context, humour is a promising tool that may counteract some of the factors that contribute to depression, including rumination and reduced positive emotions.

'The impact of humour on mental health is supported by neuroimaging studies. The response to humour directly affects cerebral regions involved in the pathogenesis of depression, including neural circuits related to the prefrontal cortex and limbic system', says clinical psychologist Anna Braniecka, PhD, of the SWPS University Faculty of Psychology in Warsaw, quoted in the university's press release.

In a paper published in Clinical Psychology Review, the researcher analysed existing clinical psychology research on the use of humour in the context of depression. She considered both its potential benefits, including emotional effects, responses to humorous material and intervention outcomes, as well as the risks of being the recipient of jokes, including potential side effects. She also formulated general recommendations for professionals on the use of humour.

The analysis shows that the effectiveness of humour depends on factors including the phase of depression, the context in which it is used and the specific form of humour.

Humour-based interventions are ineffective during the acute phase of the illness. They produce the best results in people in remission and those with mild symptoms, as they can foster psychological resilience and help support full mental well-being.

The safest strategy is to use humorous content that distracts from difficulties, such as telling jokes. By contrast, attempts to laugh at one's own worries can, in some people, amplify negative thoughts and worsen their mood.

Another important factor is that people with depression are more likely than others to experience gelotophobia, or a fear of being laughed at. This can lead them to interpret laughter from people around them as a threat. During the acute phase of the illness, attempts to cheer someone up 'by force' can trigger intense anxiety.

Negative internet memes and other forms of dark humour should also be approached with caution. Although people with depression may find such content more relatable and mood-enhancing, it can, in the long run, reinforce pessimistic patterns of thinking.

The researcher also highlights the role of mental health professionals themselves. A person with depression may interpret a clinician's ill-considered use of humour as a lack of empathy or a dismissal of their problems. For this reason, humour must be used carefully during treatment. Before deciding to use it, a therapist should have a thorough understanding of its effects and carefully assess the patient's mental state and current perspective.

Humorous content is increasingly delivered through digital technologies, including apps, chatbots and virtual reality, often supported by artificial intelligence. While technology-based humour interventions offer greater accessibility and lower costs, they must also be approached with caution. If used by patients themselves without professional oversight, they may reinforce pessimistic patterns of thinking.

'Humour is not a universal cure for depression and it cannot replace comprehensive therapy, but it can serve as one of its elements. To be beneficial, it must be tailored to the stage of treatment and the patient's current emotional and cognitive capabilities. It works best when building resilience, that is, psychological robustness, as prevention against depression relapse, rather than during the most difficult moments of struggling with depressive symptoms', Braniecka says.

PAP - Science in Poland

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